Not Quite White: White Trash and the Boundaries of Whiteness
Matt WrayMatt Wray answers these & other questions by delving into the long history behind this term of abuse & others like it. Ranging from the early 1700s to the early 1900s, Not Quite White documents the origins & transformations of the multiple meanings projected onto poor rural whites in the United States. Wray draws on a wide variety of primary sources—literary texts, folklore, diaries & journals, medical & scientific articles, social scientific analyses—to construct a dense archive of changing collective representations of poor whites.
Of crucial importance are the ideas about poor whites that circulated through early-twentieth-century public health campaigns, such as hookworm eradication & eugenic reforms. In these crusades, impoverished whites, particularly but not exclusively in the American South, were targeted for interventions by sanitarians who viewed them as “filthy, lazy crackers” in need of racial uplift & by eugenicists who viewed them as a “feebleminded menace” to the white race, threats that needed to be confined & involuntarily sterilized.
Part historical inquiry & part sociological investigation, Not Quite White demonstrates the power of social categories & boundaries to shape social relationships & institutions, to invent groups where none exist, & to influence policies & legislation that end up harming the very people they aim to help. It illuminates not only the cultural significance & consequences of poor white stereotypes but also how dominant whites exploited & expanded these stereotypes to bolster & defend their own fragile claims to whiteness.